1. Zmienność temperatury powietrza na stacji klimatycznej Podłaźce w Sromowcach Niżnych w latach 1994-2023 (prezentacja wyników) / Variability of air temperature at weather station Podłaźce in Sromowce Niżne trough the years 1994-2023 (data presentation)

Janusz KOZAK
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
jkozak@ubb.edu.pl
Ewelina ZAJĄC
Pieniny National Park, Jagiellońska 107B, 34-450 Krościenko nad Dunajcem, Poland
ezajac@pieninypn.pl

Article (PDF) CC BY 4.0 / 1_kozak_vol820241-14.pdf 

Keywords
Pieniny National Park, air temperature, climate change

Abstract
The article presents results of air temperature measurements carried out at weather station located at the foot of Three Crowns (Trzy Korony) in the area of Pieniny National Park. The aim of the authors was to compile and evaluate basic meteorological data, i.e. air temperature, obtained from 30-year long monitoring. Weather station at Podłaźce was established in 1993 at the foot of Three Crowns (Trzy Korony) as a base and control point for automatic climate monitoring in the Pieniny National Park in order to record possible climate changes caused by the construction of Czorsztyn-Niedzica dam. Continuous measurements are taken there in a Stevenson screen to provide homogeneity of the climatic sequence. The study discusses basic thermal indicators in relation to climate change and measurement carried out in this area as well as provides data for publications and research carried by authors and other institutions. The results show a noticeable deviation of values towards warm years starting from 2012 onwards, with two exceptions to this trend in 2017 and 2021. The analysis of average decadal and monthly temperatures and the occurrence of extreme values presents no significant changes in time. The frequency of very warm days tends to remain at a level above 50 per year (only the years 2003 and 2018 deviate from this generalization). There is a decrease in cool days after 2014. Winter is the fastest-warming season and warm winter days happened more often over analized 30 years.

For citation:
Kozak J., Zając E. 2024. Variability of air temperature at weather station Podłaźce in Sromowce Niżne trough the years 1994-2023 (data presentation). Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering, 8(28), 1-14 (in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53052/pjmee.2024.8.01

2. Wybrane instrumenty ekonomiczne ustawy o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym / Selected economic instruments of the Spatial Planning and Development Act
Andrzej HARAT
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
aharat@ubb.edu.pl
Aneta ŻABIŃSKA-HERMA
Student of the University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland

Article (PDF) CC BY 4.0 / 2_harat_żabińskaherma_vol8202415-24.pdf

Keywords
spatial planning, economic instruments, planning fee

Abstract
The principle of municipal planning independence has various consequences. One of the most important, from a practical point of view, are the economic consequences presented in the article, related either to a decrease or increase in the value of real estate that is covered by the adopted or modified local development plan. As a consequence of introducing the discussed legal instruments into the legal system, the commune, as a local government unit, incurs or obtains economic benefits related to the adopted planning regulations. From a procedural point of view, these receivables are of different nature. In the case of planning compensation due to the owner of a property caused by a reduction in its value, its civil law nature is noticeable. This fact is confirmed in particular by the procedure for pursuing a claim by the entitled person by filing a lawsuit in a common court. On the other hand, the planning fee related to the increase in the value of the property, following the adoption of a planning resolution by the Commune Council, should be considered a benefit of a public law nature, falling within the jurisdiction of the administrative courts. This fee is collected by the commune in the event of substantive legal conditions specified in the Spatial Planning and Development Act. The indicated legal solutions should be considered an important element of the legal order. There is no doubt that the actions of the commune, undertaken within the limits of the statutory authorization and relating to determining the method of real estate development, have a significant impact on the value of the real estate.

For citation:
Harat A., Żabińska-Herma A. 2024. Selected economic instruments of the Spatial Planning and Development Act. Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering, 8(28), 15-24 (in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53052/pjmee.2024.8.02

3. Koncepcja sanitarnego wykorzystania wody deszczowej w zlewni potoku Straconka w Bielsku-Białej / The concept of sanitary use of rainwater in the Straconka stream catchment in Bielsko-Biała
Katarzyna RATOWSKA
Graduate of the University of Bielsko-Biala
Marek MADZIA
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
mmadzia@ubb.edu.pl

Article (PDF) CC BY 4.0 / 3_ratowska_madzia_vol8202425-36.pdf

Keywords
water management, water retention, water consumption, domestic water tank

Abstract
The article presents the conceptual research on the management of rainwater in the Straconka stream catchment, most of which is located within the territory of the city Bielsko-Biała (Poland). The study was focused on the possibility of using rainwater for flushing toilets in order to reduce the consumption of treated tap water (intended for consumption). Sanitary use of rainwater requires its collection in a tank of appropriate capacity. The selection of the tank depends on the roof area, the number of residents generating water consumption and the technical possibilities of the installation. To conduct the simulation, all buildings were inventoried, the roof area was determined. Data on the number of residents were also included. In turn, data on the amount of atmospheric precipitation in the study area enabled determining the degree of coverage of the demand for rainwater for flushing toilets. The analyses were conducted for single-family housing, multi-family multi-level housing (blocks), terraced multi-family housing as well. In the first and third cases, it was proposed to implement individual closed tanks, while in the case of blocks of flats, open tanks were used. It was demonstrated that the use of rainwater tanks allows for a significant reduction in the consumption of treated water. In the case of single-family housing, the use of a domestic tank with a capacity of 250 dm³·person^-1 would reduce the consumption of treated water in the toilet by 95.8%. For multi-family multi-level housing, the construction of one open retention tank with
a capacity of 300 m³ would reduce the consumption of water in toilets by 51.6%. In the case of terraced multi-family housing, the use of a domestic tank with a capacity of 350 dm³·person^-1 would reduce the consumption of water in toilets by 90.8%. For the purpose of selecting the individual tank capacity, a nomogram was formed that takes into account the roof area per resident.

For citation:
Ratowska K., Madzia M. 2024. The concept of sanitary use of rainwater in the Straconka stream catchment in Bielsko-Biała. Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering, 8(28), 25-36 (in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53052/pjmee.2024.8.03

4. Powódź w Polsce w dobie zmian klimatu / Flood in Poland in the era of climate change
Ewa SUCHANEK-GABZDYL
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
esuchanek@ubb.edu.pl
 

Article (PDF) CC BY 4.0 / 4_suchanek_vol8202437-43-1.pdf

Keywords
flood, retention, hydrologic drought

Abstract
Heavy rainfall, caused by the Genoese low, led to flooding in September 2024, reminiscent of events more than 25 years ago. The catastrophe did not affect only Poland but throughout the Central European region the situation was dramatic. The reason for such downpours was the Genoese low, named Boris. This is a specific low-pressure system that forms over the Gulf of Genoa, which is part of northern Italy. It is formed when warm, moist air from over the Mediterranean Sea meets much cooler air masses coming from the north, mainly from over the Alps or Central Europe. The main reason for its formation is the marked thermal contrast between the two types of air. Warm, humid air heads northward and as a result of the ascent forced by the Alps, it cools and condenses, which promotes the development of a low. The consequences of this flooding are enormous: destroyed homes, roads and bridges, the evacuation of thousands of people, and great damage to agriculture and industry. With global warming, the threat of heavy downpours is expected to increase in the coming years. One of the basic tools to protect the amount of water drained from the catchment area is to consider the need to perform technical solutions to increase rainwater retention. Good management of water retention, both surface and groundwater, can significantly reduce the risk of flooding, as well as mitigate its effects. Implementation of retention measures is key to ensuring effective protection against flooding, especially in cities and high-density areas.

For citation:
Suchanek-Gabzdyl E. 2024. Flood in Poland in the era of climate change. Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering, 8(28), 37-43 (in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53052/pjmee.2024.8.04

5. Wariantowe zastosowanie kotła węglowego i gazowego kotła kondensacyjnego na przykładzie instalacji grzewczej budynku mieszkalnego – analiza wpływu na środowisko / Variant use of coal-fired and gas condensing boiler on the example of the heating system of a residential building – environmental impact analysis

Janusz FABIA
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
jfabia@ubb.edu.pl
Kacper WOJTEK
Student of the University of Bielsko-Biala
Tadeusz GRACZYK
University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering Sciences, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland

Article (PDF) CC BY 4.0 / 5_fabia_i_in_vol8202444-55.pdf

Keywords
central heating system, coal-fired boiler, gas condensing boiler, design heat load

Abstract
The article deals with a comparison of two central heating systems for a single-family residential building: a traditional one based on coal, and a modern one using natural gas. In the introductory part, which is a literature study, the context of the problems of environmental pollution resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in individual heating systems is presented. In the design part, a technical description of the model building is presented, for which calculations of heat demand were carried out. Calculations were made of the heat transfer coefficients of heat-sensitive partitions, the so-called design heat load of individual temperature-controlled rooms was determined, and - as a consequence - the power needed to heat the entire building. Taking into account the appropriate amount of energy needed to prepare domestic hot water, the power of the heat source was selected and heating systems based on coal and natural gas were designed. For both adopted systems (heat sources), emissions of pollutants such as CO, CO₂, NO_X, and particulate matter were calculated. Based on the calculations, a comparison was made between the investment, operating costs and emissions of the two systems. The results indicate a significant reduction in pollutants for the natural gas-based system, making it far more environmentally friendly and in line with climate policies.

For citation:
Fabia J., Wojtek K., Graczyk T. 2024. Variant use of coal-fired and gas condensing boiler on the example of the heating system of a residential building – environmental impact analysis. Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering, 8(28), 44-55 (in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53052/pjmee.2024.8.05